Helping the
Visually Impaired or Blind Mother Breastfeed
by Cynthia
Good Mojab
From: LEAVEN, Vol. 35 No. 3, June-July 1999, pp. 51-56
We provide articles
from our publications from previous years for reference for our Leaders and
members. Readers are cautioned to remember that research and medical information
change over time
Understanding
the impact of vision loss on breastfeeding can help a Leader assess
and accommodate the needs of mothers.
Visual impairment and blindness
pose real but not insurmountable challenges to the breastfeeding mother.
When a mother who is visually impaired or blind contacts LLL for help
with breastfeeding, she is likely to be referred to a sighted Leader.
Yet most Leaders have little or no experience with visual impairment
and blindness. The interaction of the Leader and the visually impaired
or blind mother will be mutually rewarding and yield a positive breastfeeding
outcome when the Leader is open to learning how vision loss can affect
breastfeeding.
Variations in Vision
Approximately three percent
of the population in the US is visually impaired or blind (Packer &
Kirchner 1997). Visual impairment spans a wide spectrum of visual ability
and is classified in the US by categories based on the type of activities
in which a person can be expected to engage, degree of corrected visual
acuity and visual field (Helveston & Ellis 1984, as cited in Whaley
& Wong 1991).
Partially sighted
includes visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200. In other words, the
partially sighted person may be able to see at 20 feet what the fully
sighted would be able to see at 70 feet to 200 feet. The near vision
of a partially sighted person is usually better than the distance
vision.
The legally blind
person has a visual acuity of 20/200 or less and/or a visual field
of 20 degrees or less in the better- seeing eye.
Travel vision includes
visual acuity of 20/400 which permits travel in unfamiliar surroundings
but which may prevent the use of printed material.
Light perception
involves only being able to perceive light which is an important aid
in mobility, but does not permit the use of printed material.
A person with no useable
vision at all is considered blind.
The spectrum of vision loss
results in varying consequences for breastfeeding. For example, the
woman who is visually impaired may or may not be able to visually use
printed information regarding breastfeeding, independently navigate
with ease in an unfamiliar LLL meeting location, learn from watching
other mothers nursing their babies and see her own baby's breastfeeding
position and latch-on. The mother who is blind must access all breastfeeding
information and support using entirely nonvisual means.
First Encounters
Many Leaders have not had
experience helping a visually impaired or blind woman seeking breastfeeding
information. A Leader may react with a range of emotions from awkwardness
and pity to respect and acceptance.
Awkwardness is a natural
feeling that indicates more information and experience are needed. A
sincere statement asking the mother what she needs could help.
Jane, I’m not quite
sure how to handle this situation. Do you have any suggestions?
This is likely to be met
with a smile and the needed information. Sighted people commonly feel
the urge to provide more help than a blind or visually impaired person
actually needs. If you think the mother may need assistance ask if you
can be helpful and how.
Pity is a signal that one
feels a difference in status and may be the result of unquestioned assumptions
or stereotypes that can be replaced with accurate information. The mother
who is blind may be overwhelmed by a recent loss of sight, may have
come to terms with a loss of sight many years ago or may never have
experienced sight.
While sensitivity to the
mother’s level of comfort with her visual impairment or blindness
is always appropriate, vision loss should never be equated with helplessness
or lack of useful knowledge and skill. Extensive educational and rehabilitation
services are available today. For example, canes and dog guides permit
independent mobility in and out of one’s home. Information can
be accessed in large print, with the aid of magnification lenses, on
audio tape, in braille and by using computer screen reading programs
with voice synthesizers. A visually impaired or blind person is as capable
of meaningful and accomplished living as a sighted person, including
attaining education and employment, socializing and raising a family.
Sighted and visually impaired or blind mothers are more alike than they
are different. Respect, acceptance and a willingness to learn are more
appropriate and constructive than pity.
The visually impaired or
blind mother may approach a Leader or Group with apprehension and a
hesitance to ask for help. Her apprehension may be due to negative experiences
with others involving misconceptions, prejudice or discrimination. She
may have been advised not to have children or have been treated as though
she were an incompetent mother solely because she is blind (Brewster
1979). She may not know any other visually impaired or blind mothers
who have breastfed. If she has internalized misconceptions about motherhood
and vision loss she may begin to doubt her own capacities. A hesitance
to ask for help may stem, in part, from a cultural heritage emphasizing
independence (Triandis 1994, 1995) and to the difficulty of attaining
independence when one is visually impaired or blind.
A mother may also hesitate
to go against well-meaning family members or health care providers who
have advised her not to breastfeed due to their misconceptions about
her physical limitation and/or breastfeeding. The visually impaired
or blind mother may also hesitate to ask for help because she may already
feel overwhelmed by the unusually large amount of conflicting advice
she may be receiving from others who assume that she knows little about
child care because she cannot see. Conveying acceptance and mother-to-mother
support may help the mother feel more comfortable requesting help with
breastfeeding.
Understanding the Mother's
Needs
For a mother to fully benefit
from the breastfeeding information and support available from LLL, her
needs must be understood and accommodated. Depending on her degree of
vision loss, a mother's needs may include assistance with traveling
and communicating as well as non-visual methods of learning to breastfeed.
When a Leader learns that a mother has partial or no vision it may be
helpful to gather more information. The following questions can be considered:
- What are the limitations
of her vision? She may use specific classifications (partially sighted,
legally blind, travel vision, light perception) or she may use different
terms to describe her vision loss. Use whatever language she uses
after clarifying its meaning. For example, a woman who is completely
blind may describe herself as “visually impaired.”
- What methods does she
use to access printed information: large print, magnification lenses,
audio cassette recordings, sighted reader, braille, computer screen
reading program with voice synthesizer?
- What methods of travel
does she use: no assistance needed, sighted guide, dog guide, cane?
- What forms of transportation
does she use: public transportation, rides from others?
- If the woman is visually
impaired, does her near vision permit her to see another mother breastfeeding
a baby or her own baby's breastfeeding position and latch-on? At what
distance?
- How long has she been
visually impaired or blind and has she had sufficient time to develop
compensatory methods for her vision loss?
There is no need to ask every
mother all of these questions. Some of the answers may be obvious; some
may be irrelevant given the nature of her breastfeeding question or
interaction with the Leader or Group. Let the situation be your guide.
Communicating
Body language is a major
component of in-person communication (Sue 1990). It is common for a
sighted person to feel uncomfortable when conversing with visually impaired
or blind person, in part, because the visual cues she is accustomed
to are missing. Communicating all information verbally, as in a telephone
conversation, is necessary when talking with blind mother. In addition,
the following techniques are helpful:
Identify yourself when
you speak. It may take the mother time to learn to recognize your
voice, especially in a large group of other voices. The blind mother
will appreciate knowing who is in the room with her and who is talking.
Speak to her when you enter the room and introduce her others:
Hi Sally, it’s Maura.
Andrea and Maeve are sitting in the middle of the room with their babies.
Oh, Elena just arrived with her new baby! Have you met Elena?
Speak directly to the
blind mother Asking, “Sally, would you like some juice?”
is more respectful than “Mary, would Sally like some juice?”
Speak with normal volume,
speed and tone of voice. Some sighted people unintentionally speak
differently to a blind person. Never assume hearing loss.
Convert gestures, visual
aids and visual demonstrations into verbal descriptions or physical
demonstrations. The location of toilet facilities can be described
instead of gestured, a banana instead of a photo of a banana can be
used as a visual aid, the use of a sling and various nursing positions
can be physically demonstrated with a willing baby or a doll. Always
obtain a mother's permission before touching her or her baby.
Introduce yourself and
initiate conversation. A blind mother sitting next to you has no
visual way of knowing whether you are looking in her direction, busily
nursing your baby, reading a meeting notice or available for conversation.
She also has no visual way of knowing who is seated next to her if you
are not speaking or if she is not yet familiar with your voice. You
can help her feel more welcome by taking the initiative in conversation.
Inform the mother when
it is her turn. Many Groups use a round robin format (mothers speak
in sequence going around the room) for introductions or other activities.
You can help the blind mother sitting next to you participate by informing
her when it is her turn.
Respectfully tell the
mother if she has misunderstood you. Much of the sighted person's
communication is done with facial expression and other body language.
If the blind mother does not appear to be aware that she has misunderstood,
it may be because you have only provided her with unseen visual cues.
Communicating the problem verbally will help resolve it.
Your Group can more effectively
communicate breastfeeding information when your library includes books
on audio tape and/or in braille. Books and pamphlets published and/or
approved by LLLI and articles from NEW BEGINNINGS are available on tape
and in braille through the Coordinator of Resources for the Blind and
Visually Impaired (see “Additional Resources ” at the end
of this article), Members of your Group can also volunteer to read (on
tape or in person) pamphlets and tear-off sheets for the mother if they
are not already available on tape or in braille. Be sure to coordinate
audio taping with the Coordinator of Resources for the Blind and Visually
Impaired so that the audio taped information will then be available
to other mothers.
A blind woman may have access
to a braille computer, braille printer or a computer screen reading
program that would permit her to read or hear text on electronic file
such as meeting notices, meeting reminder postcards, Group newsletters
and announcement sheets, a congratulatory note on the birth of her baby
or reference citations related to a breastfeeding question. If she and
the Group also have access to email, she can receive these messages
through the internet and then read them in braille or listen to them
using her computer screen reading program. Group publications can also
be enlarged on a copier if the mother can read large print.
Making Meetings Inclusive
Regular attendance at LLL
meetings is challenging for some mothers. Babies and toddlers may not
cooperate, a car may not be available, public transportation may not
be convenient or a mother may just be too tired. Visually impaired or
blind mothers face additional challenges. Driving is not an option and
public transportation may be overwhelmingly difficult. Lack of transportation
to a meeting may prevent the visually impaired or blind mother from
ever attending or keep her from coming back. She may have a long history
of feeling that her inclusion at an event is just too inconvenient for
others. It may be very hard for her to ask for a ride, especially repeatedly.
Organizing a group of women
who are willing and able to provide a ride can create flexibility and
more convenience for everyone. Group members should be encouraged to
politely say “no ” if they are not able to act as drivers.
Then another option can be arranged without unspoken feelings of resentment
or frustration.
Like transportation to the
meeting, mobility at the meeting site poses special challenges for the
visually impaired or blind mother. When the mother arrives, it can be
helpful for someone to introduce herself and invite the mother to stay
with her during the entire meeting, especially the mother's first meeting.
When the Leader makes this invitation, the mother will quickly learn
the Leader's voice and be able to distinguish it from among the many
other voices at the meeting. The mother will also then be able to easily
identify the voice that is presenting LLL information amid the variety
of opinions and experiences being expressed.
Group members who may not
have any experience interacting with the visually impaired or blind
can observe the appropriate attitudes and behaviors of the Leader. Asking
the mother how the meeting can be made more comfortable for her lets
her know that Group members are willing to learn and are open to suggestions.
Describing the meeting space
can also be helpful, especially if the mother has never been at a meeting
or in that location before.
Jane, we ’re meeting
today in a large room with chairs arranged in a circle. Most of the
crawling babies are sitting in the center of the circle with their
mothers right now. We have a play area in the corner to your left
for our active toddlers. There is a table immediately to your right
for our Group ’s library books and sign-in sheet. How can I help
you sign in?
Navigating through an unfamiliar
space with crawling babies and running toddlers will be made much easier
for the blind mother when someone offers to be her guide. She may use
both her hand on your elbow and her cane to skillfully and comfortably
follow where you lead. Announcing major changes in the territory, such
as stairs, as you approach them can be helpful, as well as slowing down
and pausing just before encountering steps. However it is not necessary
to describe every detail.
Ask the mother to instruct
you so that you can be an effective sighted guide. If you are relocating
to another area - for example, for refreshments or to look at the Group
Library books - you can help the mother feel more welcome and involved
by inviting her to join you. Regardless of the degree of her vision
loss, she can still participate in a discussion of the library ’s
contents, book topics, and whether there are audio tapes available.
Inform her when you are leaving since she cannot see that you are gathering
your things or that you have walked away.
The mother may appreciate
friendly help with her own baby or toddler. In her own home, she knows
where things are, what areas are baby proof, who is in her home and
how her child is likely to interact with family and friends. It is easier
for her to keep her child safely and happily engaged at home than in
a strange place among unseen children and mothers. The blind mother
is not likely to be offended by gentle redirection of her own child
back to her with a non-judgmental explanation of what necessitated the
action. Respecting potential differences in the parenting methods of
visually impaired or blind mothers can also help the mother feel welcome
at a meeting (Cookson Martin, 1992).
A blind mother may use a
crib or play pen more than most mothers in your Group, so that she can
keep her crawling baby safe while she is occupied with a task. She may
be especially appreciative of her baby's sling as she must keep at least
one hand free for the use of a cane or to feel her way. She may also
be more likely to keep her baby near her at night, either in bed with
her or in a crib in the same room, to facilitate night nursings.
Breastfeeding Education
Sighted mothers can learn
about breastfeeding in a variety of ways, including reading, talking
with health care providers, breastfeeding counselors and breastfeeding
mothers, watching other mothers nurse or looking at photographs and
drawings. The visually impaired or blind mother must rely primarily
or solely on sound, touch, smell and taste. Describing and demonstrating
the breastfeeding process in adequate detail may require some thought
and creativity.
Breastfeeding literature
is generally written with drawings and photographs that show what the
text does not fully say. Therefore, breastfeeding information that is
recorded on audio cassette, transcribed into braille, or accessed with
a computer screen reading program may not be completely clear to a mother
who cannot see the missing visual aids.
It can be helpful for the
Leader to consider how breastfeeding is done in the dark. The experience
of nursing at night can yield much information which can be put into
words as though one were speaking on the phone. In addition, using a
doll or a willing baby and mother to demonstrate various breastfeeding
positions can help the visually impaired blind mother make sense of
the words she has been hearing.
Experienced breastfeeding
mothers who are visually impaired or blind can also be a valuable source
of information and support for the new mother. They may have suggestions
of special techniques that they found personally helpful in breastfeeding
. Check with other Leaders, your District Advisor/Coordinator and your
Professional Liaison Leader see if there are mothers in your Area who
are willing to be contacted by phone. LLLI maintains a list of specialty
Leaders with personal and/or counseling experience with breastfeeding
and visual impairment or blindness (see below).
When the visually impaired
or blind mother contacts LLL during pregnancy, the Leader can discuss
with her benefits of coordinating breastfeeding support well in advance
of her due date. For example, the mother can talk with her physician
or midwife about breastfeeding and document his or her support of the
mother’s intention to breastfeed including keeping her baby with
her and caring for her baby on her own after the birth (Brewster 1979).
She can make an appointment to talk about breastfeeding and blindness
with the supervisor of the obstetrics ward if she is planning on giving
birth in a hospital or clinic. Such advance arrangements can help avoid
stress, provide support for breastfeeding, reduce possible misconceptions
about visual impairment or blindness among the mother’s health
care providers, and make it easier to resolve breastfeeding questions
or problems related to visual impairment or blindness.
Learning about breastfeeding
during pregnancy is useful preparation for any mother. However, having
an experienced nursing mother observe positioning and latch-on soon
after birth can build confidence and help the new mother avoid the pain
of engorgement, sore nipples and mastitis. Like sighted mothers, the
visually impaired or blind mother may have received conflicting and/or
inaccurate advice during her baby’s first nursings. In addition,
the blind mother cannot see how her baby’s nursing compares to
a drawing in a book. A Leader could offer to make a home or hospital
visit during the early days of breastfeeding and make tentative arrangements
with the mother before the birth.
Suggestions to Consider
The following suggestions
may help the Leader effectively share her breastfeeding knowledge while
encouraging the visually impaired or blind mother creatively apply her
non-visual skills to the experience of breastfeeding. Encourage the
mother to experiment so that she can find what works best for her and
her baby.
Prioritize. A visually
impaired or blind mother may hope or expect to be breastfeeding well
using any position with no assistance sooner than it can actually happen.
She may underestimate the amount of time and practice it can take to
learn to position and latch on her baby independently. In addition,
she may not anticipate that her baby could need a great deal of help
staying awake long enough to nurse well, that she might develop sore
nipples or a breast infection, that her baby's sucking might become
confused with the use of bottles, pacifiers or nipple shields. She may
feel frustrated with the number of things she must learn in such a short
period of time. If difficulties occur, encourage the mother to identify
which aspects of breastfeeding are the most important to improve first.
A step-by-step approach may require patience, but it is usually less
overwhelming and more effective than working on too many things at once.
Use words more than hands
to help. Sighted health care providers, family members or friends
who are helping a visually impaired or blind mother with breastfeeding
may be very tempted to position the baby themselves, place the mother's
breast in the baby's mouth or arrange pillows for the mother. While
this type of help may get breastfeeding established quickly, it also
makes the mother dependent on others and may leave her feeling discouraged,
incompetent or afraid to be alone with the baby. When a sighted person
makes verbal descriptions and suggestions instead, the mother can choose
to take action herself or request physical assistance. In this way she
will more quickly develop the skills that she needs to breastfeed her
baby independently.
Consider starting with
the football hold. This nursing position provides good access to
the baby's face, lets the mother use the hand supporting her baby's
head to feel how actively his jaw is moving when he sucks and may allow
her to use her free hand more easily than she could with other nursing
positions. Once she is comfortable nursing in this position, she may
find it easier to apply her new skills at latch-on and positioning to
other positions. For similar reasons, the cross cradle hold may be a
good second position to try.
Try nursing with a baby
sling. When the baby is lying in the sling with his head away from
the shoulder pad and strap, the mother has good access to his face and
can use both her hands for positioning and latch-on. Once her baby is
comfortably nursing, one or both of her hands may be freed for navigating
and she can nurse anywhere she and baby may go. Keep in mind that it
can take quite a bit of time for a mother and baby to learn how to nurse
with a sling.
Use fingers to help with
latch-on. The visually impaired or blind mother can use her fingers
in a variety of ways to help the baby locate her nipple and latch on
correctly. The mother can place the tip of her index finger on her nipple,
use her finger to touch the baby's mouth to stimulate the rooting reflex
and then quickly withdraw it as the baby latches on. Alternatively,
the mother can use a finger to guide her baby's chin and help keep his
mouth open a bit wider or a bit longer to facilitate latch-on.
The mother can also try using
a modified “C” hold. In this hold, the mother places her thumb
where one corner of her baby's mouth should be when he is latched on
correctly. She places her index finger where the other corner of her
baby's mouth should be. The mother's nipple is centered between her
thumb and index finger and her hand is cupped under her breast. The
correct position of her fingers can be determined with experimentation
and/or verbal feedback from a sighted helper. Once the baby is latched
on and sucking well the mother can move her hand back to the standard
“C” hold to support her breast as needed. There are as many
ways to use fingers during latch-on as there are mothers and babies.
Encourage experimentation so that the mother can discover what works
for her.
Limit visitors. During
the early weeks, too many visitors may interfere with the time, practice
and rest the visually impaired or blind mother may need to get breastfeeding
going well. Frequent visitors may also result in conflicting advice
and inaccurate information that can come from too many people trying
to be helpful. Encourage the mother to identify visitors whom she finds
supportive and those whose visits she would like to postpone until breastfeeding
is well established. She also might find it more restful to have limited
“visiting hours” instead of having guests come and go all
day long.
Be creative. Work
with the mother to come up with creative approaches to whatever challenges
she is facing. She is already skilled at doing this in every other aspect
of her life as she continually adapts to living in a primarily sighted
world. Encourage experimentation - that unusual idea just might work!
For example, the mother may be tired of relying on the baby's father
to assess how wet her newborn's diapers are to be sure the baby is getting
enough milk. The mother can create her own wet diaper standard by pouring
2 to 4 tablespoons of water into a clean diaper and sealing it in a
plastic bag. She can then place any wet diaper in an identical plastic
bag and compare their weight and feel.
Think positively.
Trust, touch and time will help the visually impaired or blind breastfeeding
mother overcome the usual and unusual challenges of the early weeks
of breastfeeding As the mother grows with her baby, she will learn to
understand his movements, sounds and smells as well as learn to trust
her developing capacity to meet his needs. The mother will use touch
to learn to position and latch on her baby, to feel how his jaw moves
when he is sucking well, to feel how he roots when he has lost her nipple
or needs to burp, to feel how he smiles when he is full and content.
In time, baby will develop more strength and coordination as well as
become more alert and effective at sucking. The sighted baby will also
learn to find his mother’s nipple visually. The mother's experimentation
and practice will gradually help her develop the skills and confidence
she needs to breastfeed independently using a variety of positions.
Patience, perseverance, and accurate rate information and sensitive
support will help the nursing pair find their way.
Learning Together
When approached by a visually
impaired or blind mother the Leader may think it would be best to immediately
refer her to another Leader with more specialized experience. However,
the mother-to- mother support of LLL is accessed through the local Group
Leader not through a Leader who may live miles away. When a Leader seeks
out resources first, she will be able to use her own knowledge to effectively
assist the visually impaired or blind mother.
If the Leader rather than
the mother contacts a specialty Leader, the Leader will have the needed
information if a similar situation arises in the future (Baker 1998).
Referring the mother to a specialty Leader or the Coordinator of Resources
for the Blind and Visually Impaired will be most effective when the
Leader has first contacted them herself.
When a Leader is open to
learning, she demonstrates a concept important to every mother: it's
all right to be inexperienced and need more information. Regardless
of one's degree of vision, breastfeeding and mothering are adventures
in living that naturally include continually learning from our babies
and from each other.
LLLI Coordinator of Resources
for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Betsy Grenevitch is the LLLI
Coordinator of Resources for the Blind and Visually Impaired. She has
been a Leader with the Atlanta- Emory Group in Georgia, USA, for five
years, has eight years of experience breastfeeding her three children
and is blind. She welcomes contact by phone or email from both Leaders
and mothers to talk about breastfeeding and visual impairment.
Betsy maintains a collection
of LLL approved and or published books and pamphlets in braille and
on audio tape for purchase and lending. She also coordinates the transcription
of books and pamphlets into braille as well as their recording onto
audio tapes. Volunteers are needed to read LLL books onto audio tape.
Contact Betsy for guidelines (see “Additional Resources ”
at the end of this article).
A current project is the
transcription of the THE WOMANLY ART OF BREASTFEEDING, 6th edition,
into braille.
Free Mail for the Blind
and Visually Impaired
In the USA, information in
media such as braille, large print, audio cassette recordings and electronic
text file on computer diskette may be mailed postage free to people
who are blind or visually impaired. The sender should write or stamp
“Free matter for the blind and physically handicapped ” in
the upper right hand corner of the package in place of postage stamps.
The recipient must arrange in advance with her local postmaster by providing
acceptable proof of vision impairment. For more information contact
your local US Post Office. Similar programs may exist in other countries.
Additional Resources
- A list of specialty Leaders
with personal or counseling experience with visually impaired breastfeeding
mothers is available to Leaders, health care professionals and mothers.
Contact: LLLI Education Department, 957 N. Plum Grove Road, Schaumburg,
Illinois 60173 USA; phone 847-519-7730; fax 847-519-0035
- More than 40 books, 30
pamphlets and various articles from New Beginnings are available for
purchase and loan on audio tape and in braille. All materials are
approved and/or published by LLLI. Topics include breastfeeding, parenting,
birth, nutrition and more. The list of publications is available in
printed form and on audio tape. Orders may be placed by phone, email
or audio tape. The US postal service requires no postage for sending
materials for the blind and visually impaired. Contact: Betsy Grenevitch,
LLLI Coordinator of Resources for the Blind and Visually Impaired,
1055 Seville Drive, Clarkston, Georgia 30021 USA. Phone 404-297-9313;
email blindangel at onebox.com
[editorial note: this has been updated from the printed document].
- Conference session audio
tapes are available for purchase from LLLI and for loan from some
LLL Area Libraries. Contact: For purchasing information, contact LLLI.
P.O.Box 4079, Schaumburg, Illinois 60168-4079 USA. Phone 847-519-9585;
fax 847-519-0035. For lending information, contact your District Advisor/Coordinator
or Area Librarian.
- What to Do When You
Meet a Blind Person (brochure); A Different Way of Seeing:
An Open Letter to Children About People Who Are Visually Handicapped
(brochure). Contact: American Foundation for the Blind, 11 Penn
Plaza, Suite 300, New York, New York 10001 USA. Phone 212-502-7600;
email afbinfo at afb.org; Web site
http://www.afb.org/afb.
- Do You Know a Blind
Person? (brochure). Contact: National Federation of the Blind,
1800 Johnson Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21230 USA. Phone 410-659-9314;
Web site http://www.nfb.org.
- When You Meet a Blind
Person (brochure). Contact: American Council of the Blind, 1155
15th Street, NW, Suite 720, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Phone 202-467-5081
or 800-424-8666; fax 202-467-5085; email ncrabb at acb.org;
Web site http://www.acb.org.
- A variety of books on
audio tape and in braille, tape recorders and record players can be
borrowed at no charge from the Talking Book Program through the Library
of Congress. Contact: Talking Books, National Service for the Blind
and Physically Handicapped, 1291 Taylor Street, NW, Washington, DC
20542 USA. Phone 202-707-5100.
Bibliography
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file. What is it? How does it work? LEAVEN, JunJul 1998; 62.
Brewster, D. You Can Breastfeed
Your Baby . . . Even in Special Situations. Emmaus Pennsylvania:
Rodale Press, 1979.
Cookson Martin, D. LLL and
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Gorman, J. The seeing glass.
Good Housekeeping, June 1997; 224:6:193 (13).
Mohrbacher, N. And Stock,
J. BREASTFEEDING ANSWER BOOK. Schaumburg, Illinois: LLLI, 1997.
Packer, J. and Kirchner,
C. Who ’s watching?A profile of the blind and visually impaired
audience for television and video. New York: Amer Found for the
Blind, 1997.
Sue, D. Culture-specific
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Sullivan, T. Tom Sullivan:
His parents never took "no" for an answer. Except Parent
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Page last edited Sun Oct 14 09:32:07 UTC 2007.
